北京市住建委發布文件：中介費由誰支付可協商約定
??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | |
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| 1922–1991 | |
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| ??????????: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! ????? ????????? ?????????????! | |
| ???????????: en:The Internationale (1922–1944) ??????? ?????????? (1944-1991) | |
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| ????????? | ?????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ????????? ???? |
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? 1922–1953 (????????) | ????? ???????? |
? 1985–1991 (?????) | ???????? ??????????? |
| ??????? | |
? 1923–1924 (????????) | ?????????? ?????? |
? 1991 (?????) | ????? ???????? |
| ?????? | |
? ???????? | ???????? 30 1922 |
? ?????? | ???????? 26, 19911 1991 |
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| 1991 | 22,402,200 km2 (8,649,500 sq mi) |
| ?????? ???? | |
? 1991 | 293047571 |
| ?????? | ?????? (SUR) |
| ??? ????? | ?.?.??+2 to +13 |
| ????????????? | 7 |
| ?????? ???? | .su |
11991, ???????? 21 ??? ?????-????? ???? ???????? ????? 11 ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????????????????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????????. ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????. | |
??????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics[a]/USSR[b]; Сою?з Сове?тских Социалисти?ческих Респу?блик (СССР) - Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik [SSSR]) ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????, ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ??????? ????????[c] (Soviet Union, ???????: Сове?тский Сою?з - ??????????? ?????)?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ??????? 1922 ????? 1991 ??? ???????????????. ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ??? 11 ??? ??????????? ??????????????. 12 ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????.[d] ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????. ????? ????? ?????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????.[e] ??????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??? ?????????????????? ??????????. ???? ??????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????????.
??????? ???????????? ??????????? 1917??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ???????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????. ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? (??. ??. ?. ??.) ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? 1922??? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. 1924??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ????????. ?????, 1930 ??????? 1933???? ??????? ??? ?????????????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????????. 1930????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??? ????????????. 1939??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????? ?????????????. ?????, 1941??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????. ??? ???????????????? 2.70 ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ?????????? ????? ???????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????. ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????????? ???????????????.
???, 1917 ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, 1945 ??? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????, ???????????? ???????? ???????????.
??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????.
??????? 4 ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????? ???????????, 1956?? ????????? 15 ?????????????? ????????????: ???????? ??.??.??, ?????????? ??????, ???????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????, ????? ??????, ????????? ??????,??????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ???? ??????, ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ??????.
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[????]??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????????. ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????????? ??????????, ?????? 1917 ??? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? 1917?? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????. 1917?? ??????? 1922 ???, ???????? (??????? ???????? ????????????? ????????)???? ????????, "???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????????" ???? ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ???????? 1922??, ??????? ???????, ????, ?????????, ?????????, ??????-????? ????????????? ??????? ???????.
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[????]???? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????????????? 1825 ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. 1861 ??? ??? ??????????? ??????????????????, ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. 1905 ???? ??????????? ?????, 1906??, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????????, ???? ???????????????? ??????.
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???????, ???????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????. ???? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????, , ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ???????????. ??? ?????, ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????????, ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ???????????????.??????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? 1917 ??? ????????????? ?????? ????????????. ????? ???? ???????? ?????, ?????????? ??????????, 1918-1921 [???? ????????? ????] ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????.. ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????.
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[????]???????? 28, 1922 ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????, ??????, ?????????, ???????? ??????? ?????????????????? ????, ???????? ???? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? 30, 1922 ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ????????????[1][2][3]. ????????? 1, 1924 ?????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????.
1917?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ???????????, ??????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????. ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??? ??????? ???????[4]. ???? ??????? 1920 ??????? ????? 10-15 ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??? 30 ????????? ??????? ????????????????????, 10 ????? ??????????? ????????????????????, ?? ?? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????????????? ??????????????..[5] . ???? ??????? ??????? 5 ???? ?????????????? ????????????????..
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????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ????? ????????? ???, ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????. [6]
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[????]1918 ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????????????? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????. ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????????? 30,510 ????????? ?????.
?????? 1918 ???? 10 ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. [7]
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[????]??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ?????-???? ?????????? ???????????????. ????????? ????????????? `???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? 1920?? ?????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????????????. ???????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????-???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????.[8] . ???????? 1924 ??????????? ???????????? ???, ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. 1920 ??????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????.
1928?? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ????????????? ?????????????????, ???????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????, ??????????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????.. ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????? ???? 600 ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? 7 ?????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????. ?????? 200 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? .[9]. ???? ???? ????????????????, ???????????? 1930?? ??? ??? ??????. ?????????? ???????????? ?? `???? ??????????????` ?? ???????????? ?????? ??? , 1917 ??????? ??????????????? ”?????? ???????” ????????? ???? ????????????????, ??????? ???????????? ????????. ???????????? ?????????????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.
1930-?????, ??????? ?????????????, ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????. 1933 ???, ???????? ?????????, ??????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????????. 4 ?????? ?????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????????, ????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ???????. ???????????????? ???? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ???????. ????????????????, ???????? ????????? ?????, ???????????? ???????-??????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? 1939?? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ??????????, ????????, ????????? ?????? ????????????. ??????? 1939??, ????????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? 25 ??.??. ?????????? ??? ????? ???????????, ????????, ??????????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????????. ?????????????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???????, ??????? ???? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????.
?????? ???????????? ??? ???????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (COMCON) `?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ` ?????????? ????????.
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[????]???????? ?????? 5, 1953 ????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ??????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ???????? , 1950 ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??????? 1956?? ??????????; ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ?????????????, ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????????????. ????????????, ??????? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ???????; ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????; ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????????????. ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????. ?????? 18, 1965??, ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????.. ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????. ???????????, ??????????????? ??????? ??????????; ?????? ???-??????? ????? ???????. ?????????? 1964?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????.
???? ????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???????? ?????????? 1970 ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ????????????. ????? `???????? ?????? ?????????????. ??????, ???????? 1979??, ????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????, ????????????? ????????? ????????????.. ?????????? 1, 1983?? ?????? ??????????? 269 ??????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????.
?????? ??????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????; ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????. ???????????? ??????? ????? '????????? (застой), ?? ????? ,??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????.
???? 1960 ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????? ????, ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? . ???? ????? 1964?? 1000?? 6.9 ?? ????????; 1980?? 1000 ???? 10.3 ?? ???????..[10]
??????????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????
[????]?????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????; ??????? ???? ???????????, ?????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????. 1985 ???, ???????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????????, ????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? 70 ????????????? ???? ???????????. ??????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????1988??, ??????? ??????? 9 ???? ?????????????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????. 1980 ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ????????? ???? ?????????.
?????? , ?????????, ??????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????? 72 ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????????[11]. ?????? 7., 1990 ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? [12].?? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????. 1989 ???, ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???? 12, 1990 ???, ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ??????????. ???????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ????.
??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ?????? 17, 1991 ??? ?????????????. 15 ????????????? 9 ????????????? ????????????????, ??????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????, ??????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????????????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????; ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????. 1991 ???, ???????, ??????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???????? 8, 1991 ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ???? ???????? ”???????? ??????? ????????????~ ???? ??????? ??????????. ???????? 25, 1991 ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????????. ?????? ???? `???????? ???????` ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????, ??????? ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????????.
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[????]- ↑ ????????: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, ?.?? Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, ???: [s??jus s??v?etsk??x s?ts??l???s?t?it??sk??x r???spubl??k](
?????).
- ↑ ????????: СССР, ?.?? SSSR.
- ↑ ????????: Советский Союз, ?.?? Sovetskiy Soyuz, ???: [s??v?etsk??j s??jus]( ?????)
- ↑ As of 1989, the countries that bordered the Soviet Union were: ?????? and ?????????? to the northwest; Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania to the west; ???????? and ????? to the southwest; Afghanistan and Mongolia to the south; ???? and ?? ?????? to the southeast. The Soviet Union also shared ???? ????? with Japan (which was bordered to the south until 1945) and the United States.
- ↑ As outlined in Part III of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, "The National-State Structure of the Soviet Union".
???????????
[????]- ↑ Richard Sakwa The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917-1991: 1917-1991. Routledge, 1999. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 0-415-12290-2, 9780415122900. pp. 140-143.
- ↑ Julian Towster. Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917-1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106.
- ↑ (?????? ????????) Creation of the USSR ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ????????? at Khronos.ru.
- ↑ "70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia".[??????????? ???????]
- ↑ (?????? ????????) On GOELRO Plan — at Kuzbassenergo. ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
- ↑ Latent, Dirichlet, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, archived from the original on 2025-08-05, retrieved 10 ??????? 2013
- ↑ Robert, Beard, The Constitution of the Soviet Union, 1918, retrieved 10 ??????? 2013
- ↑ The consolidation into a single-party regime took place during the first three and a half years after the revolution, which included the period of War Communism and an election in which multiple parties competed. See Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 1917–1922. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955, 1966.
- ↑ Matthew White according to Matthew White's research.
- ↑ W. Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev, (Edinburgh, 2003), p. 91.
- ↑ The red blues — Soviet politics by Brian Crozier, National Review, June 25, 1990.
- ↑ Origins of Moral-Ethical Crisis and Ways to Overcome it ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ????????? by V.A.Drozhin Honoured Lawyer of Russia.
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[????]- ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ????????????? 2025-08-05 at the ??????? ?????????
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